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  • ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ/ืชYosi Dotan

ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช


ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™

ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื›ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื›ื™ื›ื•ืœืช, ืื ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื—ื“ ื ืงื‘ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืขืฉื™ื” ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื”. ื”ืขืกืงื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื”- ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื›ืœืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกืงื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื ื›ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขืกืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื. ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืคืงื“ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืชืงื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืชื—ื•ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืงื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืžืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืกืคื’ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื“ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืœืฆื“ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืคื™ืกื™ ื–ื” ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื’ืจืกืชื• ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ืื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืœืœื ืชื ืื™, ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ "ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”" "ื›ื›ื” ื–ื”" " ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื–ืœ" " ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช" ื•ืขื•ื“..) ื™ืื•ืชืชื• ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื™ื“ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜(ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืจื™ืื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื) ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื–ื”. ื”ืื™ืชื•ืชื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•/ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ( ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืกืจื˜ ื•ืขื•ื“..). ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื•. ย ื‘ืื ืœื ื™ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœื“ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื•, ย ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืื™ืชื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืฆืžื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื™ืชื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื•/ืื• ื›ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉื™ื—ืžื™ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืžืคืจื™ืขื” ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™.

ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ืžืคื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื•ืชื• ืœื ืื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื ืคืจื“, ืื•ืœื ืื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชื’ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืื–ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ. ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœืื–ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืข"ื™ ื›ืš ืœืจืคื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ย ืชืงื™ื ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.

ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช (ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™) ื•ืœื ืจืง ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ย ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ืชื•ืชื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ื "ืชืงืœื•ืช" ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™. ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื”, ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืงื•ื“ื ืืœ ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืคื™ืกื™-ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืืœื” ืžืžืฉื•ืช. ืชืคืงื•ื“ื• ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืžื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขืกืงื”. ืื•ืœื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ืงืจื ืœืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืื• ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื, ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœื™ื• ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืžื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฆื’, ื”ื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขืกืงื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืืชื” ื›ืจืช ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืืžื ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืœืžืžืฉื™ื™ื ืคื•ื—ืชืช, ืื•ืœื ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืฉืžืจ ื™ื—ืก ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ืย  ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืื–ื ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขืกืงื” ื›ืœืœ, ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขืกืงื” ื•ืžื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืžื”ื™ืฉื•ืช, ื’ื ืื ื‘ื”ืกืคืง ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื”ืกืคืง ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื.

ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืžื—ืงืจ, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ืื•ืœื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื” ืจืคื•ืื” ื–ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”. ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขืย  ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืชื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ืžืื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื›ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื›ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืจื™ืคื•ื™.

ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘

ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ื‘ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื’ืฉืžืชื• ืื™ื ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืฆื™ื‘. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ื ืžืจืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžื ื•ื—ื”. ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆื ื”ืื“ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืœื ืคืขื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆื ื•ืคื•ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื. ื”ืื’ื• ืžื•ื•ืกืช ื”ื•ืฆืืชื ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืื’ื•ย  ืžื•ื ืข ื‘ืขื“ ื”ื’ืฉืžืชื ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ื ื–ืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื•. ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืงืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ืืœื• ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื ื ื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื”. ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืœื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื›ื›ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ืื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื—ืœื”. ื‘ืื ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืชืื–ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืœืžืฉืœ: ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœื—ื•ืฆื” ื—ื•ืœืคืช, ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืื•ืžืฅ ืžืกืชื™ื™ื, ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืื–ื ื™ื ืื• ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ื–ื• ืชื—ืœื•ืฃ.

ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉื’ื•ื™ย โ€“ ืื—ื•ื– ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืžืื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื›ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื›ืš ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื. ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื•ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื (ื›ืžื” ืžืคืชื™ืข), ืงืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืืช "ื”ื‘ืจืืชื" ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ืœืœ ืืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืžืื–ืŸ ืืœื” ื›ืคื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื’ื ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืงืจื” ืœืœื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืชื•ืชย  ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืื™ืชื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื—ืœื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ืื• ื‘ื ืคืฉื•. ืœืขืชื™ื ืื™ืชื•ืช ื“ืžื” ืฉื›ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืžื—ืœื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื›ืœืœ ื•ืžื—ืœื” ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช.

ื”ื—ืœืžื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืชย โ€“ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื ื• ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื’ื ืœืœื ืขื–ืจื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ืงืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื—ืก ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ (ืืžืชื™ ืื• ืžื“ื•ืžื”), ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืื“ื ืžื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืžื ืขื“ ื‘ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืžืจืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืžืจืฆืช ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืื˜ื™ืช. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื ื”ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื“ื™ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช.

ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื”ย โ€“ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืคืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื™ื. ื›ืื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืœื ืœื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืื– ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข. ื›ืื‘ื™ ืคืจืงื™ื, ืžื™ื’ืจื ื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื“"ื›. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืกื‘ืœ ืžืจื‘ื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืคืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”. ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ื• ื”ื ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืืฆืœื ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืžื—ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคืขืชื”. ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืชื•ืช ืœืื“ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื•ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืืœื™ื• ืžืคื ื” ื”ืžื—ืœื”. ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืจื” ืฉื“ื•ืœืงืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื ื“ืจืฉืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืื ืชื”ื‘ื”ื‘. ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืžื—ืœื”, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื’ื‘ืจื• ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื—ืœืฉื• ื›ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื”, ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ื• ื•ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื“ืจืฉ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื. ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืืช ืืœื• ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื” ื›ืžืคื’ืข ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื•ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืืœื” ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื•ืคืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืคืœืฆื‘ื•โ€“ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืืžื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœืžื” ืฉืขื™ืงืจื™ื• ื”ื:

ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืœืžื” ื˜ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื” ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช: ืžืฆื™ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ืจืื” ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืชืงื™ืŸ, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืžื˜ืคืœ ืืžืคืื˜ื™, ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช (ืžืจืื”, ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ, ืžื™ืชื•ื’, ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ).ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืคืชื™ ืื• ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื‘ืื ื ืขืฉืชื” ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืื• ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ืช-ืžื–ื™ืงื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™. (ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ืœื”)

ื”ืคืœืกื‘ื• (ืื™ื ื‘ื•) ืžืœืžื“ ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™, ืื ื›ืš ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ืฉื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื ืžืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื” ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื‘ืžืžื“ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ (ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืžืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื—ืœืงื™ื, ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื›ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื” ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช). ืื•ืœื ืขืฆื ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืคืœืกื‘ื• ื›ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ื—ืœืžืชื•,ย  ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืฆื™ืจื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืกื‘ื• ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืคื’ืข ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื•ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ืžืคื ื” ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืื• ื‘ื ืคืฉ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื“ืžื” ืื• ืงื‘ืœืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื• ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืืžื•ื ืชื• ื–ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื, ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืžื—ืœื” ืืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ืœื”. ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ. ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื–ื” ืžื“ื›ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืžื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœื”ืขืชืงืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืืฆืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื, ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื™ืขืชื™ืง ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืš ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืœื• ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœื•. ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื ืจืคืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืคืœืกื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืžื•ืขืชืงืช ืžืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืืฆืœ ืื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืœืกื‘ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื• ืขื ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ืื•ืชื” ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืงืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืชืงืช ืžืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื—ืœื”. ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืงืจื™ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื—ืœื” ืื• ืฉื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืžื—ืœื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ย ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืคืœืกื‘ื• ืžืœืžื“ ื›ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืจืคื ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืื–ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื ืชืง ืžื›ืœ ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืกื›ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืื• ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ืœื ืืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœืช. ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืคืฉืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืคื ื”.

ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™

ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืกื™ื‘ื”โ€“ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืืชืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื—ื•ืœืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื—ืœื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื• ื›ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื—ื•ืœืœื” ืื•ืชืŸ. ื’ื ืื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืงื•ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืชืกืคืง ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืชื ืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื, ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืจื™ื, ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืกื™ื‘ื”, ย ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืกื™ื‘ื”, ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™. ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืื ื ื™ื™ื—ืก ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ื ืกื” ื”ืžื“ืข ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื ื•, ย ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื”, ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื• ืขื ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื•. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ืœื ื• ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžืคื’ืข ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืœื• ืฉื™ืชืืจื• ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื›ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ืœื”. ืœืžืฉืœ: ืžืคื’ืขื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื, ืจืขืฉ, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืชืงื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ืœื”, ืื•ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื–ื•ื”ืžืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื•ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื›ืŸ (ืœืขืชื™ื ื ื“ืžื” ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืื•ืœื ืืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ืžืช), ืื ื›ืš ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ืžืช ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื? ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืœื ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื›ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื™, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืœื ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื™ืช (ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื•ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื”ืžืœืฆื”). ืื›ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืื•ื–ื ื™ื ืžืชื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืœื ืคืขื ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ืย  ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืชื ื›ืžืคื’ืข ื’ื•ืคื ื™, ืื•ืœื ื’ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื–ื• ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ืœืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ื•ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืžืžืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืื•ื–ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื? ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืชื ืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื, ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืจื™ื, ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืœืžื—ืœื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืžืชืืจืช ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืžืคื’ืข ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืžืœืžื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื•. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ืœื” ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœืงื•ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืžืคื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื‘ืื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื“ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื, ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืื™ืชื•ืชื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉืงืคื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื”ื’ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืขืชืง ืื• ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื•. ื‘ืื ืœื ื™ืžืฆื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืช ืื•ืชื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉ, ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืžืกืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœื•, ืื ื’ื ืื– ืœื ื™ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืื•ืชืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืคื’ืข. ื”ืื™ืชื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉื™ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก, ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉื ื•ื— ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื• ืคื’ื ื’ื ื˜ื™. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžืคื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ) ืื™ื ื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืžื—ืœื” ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื›ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช. ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ื•ืืช ืืœื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจื™ื. ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื•, ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื, ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข, ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ืžืจื” ืžืฆื•ืจืชื ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ืœืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ืื• ืื•ืชื ื ืืžื ื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžื™ืฆื’ ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื• ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืžื“ ื”ืคื™ืกื™. ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื”, ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืืœื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืื—ื“ (ื—ื™ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื™ื ื ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืชื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื) ื•ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืžื. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžื’ื•ืฃ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื•, ื›ืš ื’ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžื’ื•ืฃ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืื—ื“ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืื—ืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืขื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืขืฆืžื”. ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™. ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื›ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ืฉืืชื’ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ย ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื” ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืชื•ืกืจ.

ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืืชื’ืจ ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื”, ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ืœืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื(ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื™ืฉื•ืช) ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืชื ื ื—ืœื” ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืขื™ืกื•ืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื”ื. ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืื“ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช, ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืœืคื™ ืชื ืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืื•ื–ื ื™ื. ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื—ื•ื, ืงื•ืจ, ืœื—ื•ืช, ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ, ืคืจื™ื—ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืื‘ืง ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืžืฉืชื ื”, ืžื’ืข ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ืืœ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ืขืฆืžืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื• ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ืืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ื•ืœืชื’ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขื“ ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื˜ื•ืคืœื• ืžืขื•ืœื.

ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื” ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืžื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื’ื ืื ื ื•ื— ืื• ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ืื™ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื•ื”ื™ืจืชืขื•ืช ืžื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื—ืœื”, ืžืกืจ ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืืชืจ ืงื• ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœืงื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฆื’, ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื” ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื•ืืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื™ื™ื.

(ืจืื” ืชืจืฉื™ื)

ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืชืงื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืชโ€“ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืชืงื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืœื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ืกื™, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื• ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื• ืœื ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ื‘ืื ื™ืื‘ื“ื• ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืœื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืœื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืืœื” ื•"ื”ืขืกืงื”" ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ืชืงืจื•ืก, ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืืœื”, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื’ื ืื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืกื‘ ืกื‘ืœ ืจื‘, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืื ืชื™ืžืฆื ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ื”ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข. ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืชืงื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืงืฉื” ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ืžื›ืžื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื:

ืื“ื ืฉืœื•ืงื” ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื•ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžื—ืœื” ืชื™ืชืคืก ื‘ืขื ื™ื• ื›ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืชืงืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืจืžืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ืช ืœืงืคื™ืฆื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ืžืกืคืงืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœื—ืงืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืฉื•ืจื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ. ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืคื’ืข ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื•ืœื ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืœืื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ ืืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ืžื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื–ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืฉื™ืืžืฆื• ืœืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ื™ืคืขืœื• ืœืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื (ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืจืคืื™ื ื’ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืคื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ืœื”)ืื“ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืจืžืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ื“ืข ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืžืกืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื” ืฉืœื• ืœื ื™ื™ืชืคืก ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื•ืžืฉื›ื ืข ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉืœืงื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื ืจืคื ืžืžื ื”. ื’ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืงืฉื” ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืžื ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ื™ ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืคื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื“ื• ืžืžื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืชืœืช ืžืžื“ื™. ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืžื ื•ืกื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื›ืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ ื—ื•ืœืฃ, ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืžืคื’ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™.

ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืชืงื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ย ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื ืืžื ื•ืชื• ืœื”ืกื›ื ืฉื›ืจืช ืขื ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืžืขืฉื™ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืชื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืืœ ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ื›ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ื•ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืœืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ื™ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ื™ืฉืื™ืจ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื™ืชื•ืช ื–ื” ืจืง ืœืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืชื™ื“ืจืฉ ืคืขื•ืœืชื•.

ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืคื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ืชืงื™ื ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกื ื• ื•ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืœื ืชืงืœื•ืช ืขื“ ืœื”ืชื›ืœื•ืชื•. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืจืฉื” ืœืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื•, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ืขื ืงืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืžื“ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ื•ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืœืื•ืชื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœื™ื• ืžื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฆื’. ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื™ ืฉืจื›ืฉ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื”ย  ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ืจืฉื” ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื ืชื™ื‘ ื™ืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ื•ื™ืืคืฉืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ืจืฉื” ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ/ืžื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื• ื•ืืฆืœื• ื’ื ืงื™ื™ื ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืžื ื•, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืื“ื ืฉืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื“ืœืงืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืžืฅ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื(ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“..) ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•. ื”ื‘ื ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ื–ื” ื•ืœื™ืชืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžืื•ืชืชื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืื–ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื” ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžืขืฆืžื• ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื— ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœืงื•ื™ื” ืขื ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฆื’, ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขืœื™ื• ืžืื•ืชืช ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ืื™ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื•ืš ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ืื’ื‘ ื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื”ืžื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืคื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืชื• ืœื. ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ืื™ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืืฃ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืื‘ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸย  ืขืงื‘ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฉื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžืขืฆืžื• ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ื–ื”.

ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข ืชืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืชโ€“ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ืืฆืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื›ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ื•ืœืฆืžื•ื—. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื’ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืจื ืœื”ืขืžืงืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืื™ืชื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจื ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ื. ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช, ย ืงื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช: ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืžืžื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืชื’ืฉื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช. ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ืฉื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช. ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจืช ื™ื“ืข ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื–ืžืŸ ืื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ืื•ืœื ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื›ืœ ืžืžืฉื•ืช ืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื” ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช. ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืฆืžืฆื ื’ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืžืฆืžื•. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฆื’ ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉืชื›ื ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื, ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื ื•ืกื” ื•ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช. ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื—ืฉื•ืคื” ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ืขื“ ืžืฆื‘ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื• ื”ืงืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืชืงื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™. ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืข ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฆื’, ืžื’ืžืช ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื–ื• ืœื ืชืคื’ืข ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื ื™ืคืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื• ืงืฉืจ.

ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ืื•ืชื• ืงืฉืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืืชื• ื•ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฆืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ืื ืœื ืชื•ืฉื’, ืชื™ื“ืจืฉ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื–ื• ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืœืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืชืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ืœื” ืื• ืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืคื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™โ€“ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื•ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืคืกืงื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืคื ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ืชื’ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืื•ื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื•. ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืกืจ ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื• ืขื ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืจื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืกื‘ืœ ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืžื—ืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉืžืื•ืชืชืช ื›ื™ "ืขืฆืžืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื—ืœืฉื” ืžื™ื“ื™" (ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ). ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืกื•ื’ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืืœื• ืื•ื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืŸ ืื•ื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžืขื™ื“ ื›ื™ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืงืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืœืงื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื ื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืื•ืชืช ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืžื“ื™ื. ืœื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ืช, ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื›ืœ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ืช. ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืจ ืœืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืขืจื•ืฅ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืฉื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืชื’ืฉื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืื•ืชื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืชื’ืฉื ืœื ื™ืชื’ืฉื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกืคืง ื•ืœื ื™ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ื›ืื™ืชื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื™ืชืคืฉื˜ ืืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืœ ืื•ืชื• ืงื• ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืคื’ื•ื ื‘ืื ืœื ื™ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืชื ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื–ืจื•ื ื‘ื• ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืชื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืื™ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืื•ื™ (ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืงื• ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืœืงื•ื™ ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื•) ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื™.ย  ืœื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื›ืœ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ืช, ื”ื‘ื ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ื”ืกืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืงื• ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืคื’ื•ื ื•ื”ืคืขืœืชื• ื”ืชืงื™ื ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช. ืœื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ืช, ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืงื• ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืœืงื•ื™. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ืœืจืžื” ื”ืชืื™ืช ืฉื‘ื•, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ. ืื•ืœื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ืกืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ืกืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื›ืœื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื ืžืจืขืœื™ื ืฉืืกืฃ ืืฆืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœ ืงืจืงืข ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ. ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื“ืจืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืคืขืœื• ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืื•ืชื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื• ืงืจืื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืฆืื” ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื• ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.

ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืœืงืช. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืื•ืœื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื™ืชืจ ืื• ื”ืืฆืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื. ืื ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื“ืœืงืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื“-ื”ืืฆื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื’ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื•, ื”ืืฆื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื–ื ืช ืœืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื“ืœืงืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื“.

ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืžืชื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื ื• ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข

ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ื•ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื ื™ืข ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™

ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืœืžืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.

ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™

ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื“ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื’ื ืฉืœื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืžืชื ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆืžื•ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื“ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื•.ย  ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืขื ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ (ื”ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช-ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืคืฉ) ื‘ื›ื“ื™ย  ืฉื–ื” ื™ื’ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ื›ืš ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืืœ ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืฉื‘ื”. ื‘ืื ืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืฉืœืžื”, ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ืžืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ืื ื™ื ื™ื— ื”ืื“ื ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉื‘ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื™ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืชืŸ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช. ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืœื ืœื›ื•ืœื ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืฉื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืฉื’ื” ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื•ื”ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื.

ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื–ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ืช, ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจืš, ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืื• ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™, ืฉื™ื— ืื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืื ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื. ืœืื“ื ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืจืคื ืืชื’ืจ ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื—ืœื”, ืžืกืจ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื (ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช) ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื”ืคื™ืกื™ื™ื. ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื ื™ืืžืฅ ื”ืื“ื ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื–ื”, ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืชืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขื ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฆื’ ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ื’ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.

ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ

ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืจื›ืฉ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.ย  ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื˜ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื• ืื“ื ืฉื—ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื• ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืชื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžืกื—ืจืจ ืขื“ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื•ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื™ื. ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืžื ื—ื” ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ืœื ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื™ืคืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื™ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉื˜ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื•. ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื•ื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืชื ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ. ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืœื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื, ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื–ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.

ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ืช

ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืื™ื ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”, ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืชืžืฉืš, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืกืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืฉืžืื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืžื—ืœื”, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžืกืจ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืกืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืžืกืจื™ื ืฉืจืง ืื ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืชื•ืคื™ืข ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืื ื’ื ืื– ืœื ืชืฉืžืฉ ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืชืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ืกื™ืขื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืืœื™ื• ืกื˜ื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื, ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืžืฉืš ื›ืื•ืจืš ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ืžืžื ื• ืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ. ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืœืžื—ืœื” ืžืฉืš ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคืฉืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืกืจ ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืชืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ืชื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื–ืงืง ืœืื™ืชื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ืœื”, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื–ืงื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ (ืืจื•ืš ืื• ืงืฆืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ) ื‘ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืงื• ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉ ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชื•.

ื”ืชืจืคืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื ืกื™ืขื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืืœื™ื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืœื ื™ืคืขืœ ืœืื•ืชืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื• ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื•. ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืชืจืคืื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื ืชืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื• ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื™ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ื• ืžืื‘ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื•. ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ, ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื• ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืกืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื• ืื—ื–ื”. ืฉืœื‘ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื ืืžื ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•/ืื• ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืœื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ืื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื“ืœืงืช ืชืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืฆืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืฆื‘ ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืชื, ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืชืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืชืงื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืžืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืชืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื ืžืื•ื–ื ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื™ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ืกืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ, ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ื”ืกืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ื”ืกืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื (ืžืคืจืงื™ื, ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื) ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืจื•ืžืชื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืœืคืขื•ืœืชืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืจื’ืœ.ย ย  ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืชื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช. ืื—ืช ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื’ืฉื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืืžื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื ืืžื ื” ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื”ื’ืฉืžื”. ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืคื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื• ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ืื• ืื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•.

ืœื”ืจืคื•ืช-ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืœืจืคื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•

ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืกืข ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืื ืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉื’, ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืื™ื–ื• ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฆื™ื“ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื. ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื—ืœื™ื ืžื ื–ืงื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืžืžื“ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฉื’. ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื•. ืขื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืงื• ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžืกืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ, ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื•ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉื•ืคืจ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆืืชื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื”ืจืคื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื•ืชืช ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื•. ื”ื”ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืื™ื ื” ืงืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืฆืœ ืื“ื ืฉื—ืจื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ื•ื—ืฉ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจืคื ืžืžื—ืœืชื•. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื”ื”ืจืคื™ื” ืื ื™ื•ืคืจื“ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ, ืžืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ื–ืืช ืžื›ืžื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืงื•ื“ื, ื”ืชืจืคืื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืื•ืจื›ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœื™ื• ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืžื”ืžืžื“ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื. ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœืงื•ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื•ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืžื“ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื”, ื’ื ืื– ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืžื“ ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื”ืชืื–ืŸ ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื, ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืขืฉืชื”, ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืืฃ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืš ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื—ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจืคื. ื”ื”ืจืคื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืจืคื™ื” ื–ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ย ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš ื”ื”ืจืคื™ื” ืžืจืคื” ืžื”ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืื—ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืงื™ื•ืžื”.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืกื™ื›ื•ื โ€“ื›ืœ ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฆื’. ื”ืชื ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืชื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ื”ืžืžืฉื™ ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืกืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื”.ย  ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื ืื—ื“ ืขื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืชื ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื™ืฆื’, ืœื›ืœ ืชื ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืงื• ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื• ืืœ ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืฉื‘ื™ืฉื•ืช. ืžืื•ืชื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืชืื™ื ื”ืชืื’ื“ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ื“, ืžืชืื’ื“ื™ื ืชืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœืชื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืชืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’, ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื™ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื ืคื— ืชืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื• ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’. ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืžื™ื“ืข, ืฉื›ืŸ ื’ื ืื ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืชืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืจืงืžื” ืื• ืื™ื‘ืจ, ื›ื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืจืฆื™ืคื”. ื›ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ื ืžืขืœ ืœืžื ืขื“ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื™ื—ื•ืœืœ ืื™ืชื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืงืœ ืชื—ื™ืœื” (ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช). ืžืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืชื”ืคื•ืš ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉื‘ืื ืœื ื™ืชื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืงื• ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœืงื•ื™, ื™ืžื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืงืœ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช, ื™ืœืš ื•ื™ื—ืžื™ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืชื•.

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ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื

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